Contents

Solvers

Solvers

The solvers module in SymPy implements methods for solving equations.

Note

solve() is an older more mature general function for solving many types of equations. solve() has many options and uses different methods internally to determine what type of equations you pass it, so if you know what type of equation you are dealing with you may want to use the newer solveset() which solves univariate equations, linsolve() which solves system of linear equations, and nonlinsolve() which solves systems of non linear equations.

Algebraic equations

Use solve() to solve algebraic equations. We suppose all equations are equaled to 0, so solving x**2 == 1 translates into the following code:

>>> from sympy.solvers import solve
>>> from sympy import Symbol
>>> x = Symbol('x')
>>> solve(x**2 - 1, x)
[-1, 1]

The first argument for solve() is an equation (equaled to zero) and the second argument is the symbol that we want to solve the equation for.

sympy.solvers.solvers.solve(f, *symbols, **flags)[source]

Algebraically solves equations and systems of equations.

Parameters

f :

  • a single Expr or Poly that must be zero

  • an Equality

  • a Relational expression

  • a Boolean

  • iterable of one or more of the above

symbols : (object(s) to solve for) specified as

  • none given (other non-numeric objects will be used)

  • single symbol

  • denested list of symbols (e.g., solve(f, x, y))

  • ordered iterable of symbols (e.g., solve(f, [x, y]))

flags :

dict=True (default is False)

Return list (perhaps empty) of solution mappings.

set=True (default is False)

Return list of symbols and set of tuple(s) of solution(s).

exclude=[] (default)

Do not try to solve for any of the free symbols in exclude; if expressions are given, the free symbols in them will be extracted automatically.

check=True (default)

If False, do not do any testing of solutions. This can be useful if you want to include solutions that make any denominator zero.

numerical=True (default)

Do a fast numerical check if f has only one symbol.

minimal=True (default is False)

A very fast, minimal testing.

warn=True (default is False)

Show a warning if checksol() could not conclude.

simplify=True (default)

Simplify all but polynomials of order 3 or greater before returning them and (if check is not False) use the general simplify function on the solutions and the expression obtained when they are substituted into the function which should be zero.

force=True (default is False)

Make positive all symbols without assumptions regarding sign.

rational=True (default)

Recast Floats as Rational; if this option is not used, the system containing Floats may fail to solve because of issues with polys. If rational=None, Floats will be recast as rationals but the answer will be recast as Floats. If the flag is False then nothing will be done to the Floats.

manual=True (default is False)

Do not use the polys/matrix method to solve a system of equations, solve them one at a time as you might “manually.”

implicit=True (default is False)

Allows solve to return a solution for a pattern in terms of other functions that contain that pattern; this is only needed if the pattern is inside of some invertible function like cos, exp, ect.

particular=True (default is False)

Instructs solve to try to find a particular solution to a linear system with as many zeros as possible; this is very expensive.

quick=True (default is False)

When using particular=True, use a fast heuristic to find a solution with many zeros (instead of using the very slow method guaranteed to find the largest number of zeros possible).

cubics=True (default)

Return explicit solutions when cubic expressions are encountered. When False, quartics and quintics are disabled, too.

quartics=True (default)

Return explicit solutions when quartic expressions are encountered. When False, quintics are disabled, too.

quintics=True (default)

Return explicit solutions (if possible) when quintic expressions are encountered.

Explanation

Currently supported:

  • polynomial

  • transcendental

  • piecewise combinations of the above

  • systems of linear and polynomial equations

  • systems containing relational expressions

Examples

The output varies according to the input and can be seen by example:

>>> from sympy import solve, Poly, Eq, Function, exp
>>> from sympy.abc import x, y, z, a, b
>>> f = Function('f')

Boolean or univariate Relational:

>>> solve(x < 3)
(-oo < x) & (x < 3)

To always get a list of solution mappings, use flag dict=True:

>>> solve(x - 3, dict=True)
[{x: 3}]
>>> sol = solve([x - 3, y - 1], dict=True)
>>> sol
[{x: 3, y: 1}]
>>> sol[0][x]
3
>>> sol[0][y]
1

To get a list of symbols and set of solution(s) use flag set=True:

>>> solve([x**2 - 3, y - 1], set=True)
([x, y], {(-sqrt(3), 1), (sqrt(3), 1)})

Single expression and single symbol that is in the expression:

>>> solve(x - y, x)
[y]
>>> solve(x - 3, x)
[3]
>>> solve(Eq(x, 3), x)
[3]
>>> solve(Poly(x - 3), x)
[3]
>>> solve(x**2 - y**2, x, set=True)
([x], {(-y,), (y,)})
>>> solve(x**4 - 1, x, set=True)
([x], {(-1,), (1,), (-I,), (I,)})

Single expression with no symbol that is in the expression:

>>> solve(3, x)
[]
>>> solve(x - 3, y)
[]

Single expression with no symbol given. In this case, all free symbols will be selected as potential symbols to solve for. If the equation is univariate then a list of solutions is returned; otherwise - as is the case when symbols are given as an iterable of length greater than 1 - a list of mappings will be returned:

>>> solve(x - 3)
[3]
>>> solve(x**2 - y**2)
[{x: -y}, {x: y}]
>>> solve(z**2*x**2 - z**2*y**2)
[{x: -y}, {x: y}, {z: 0}]
>>> solve(z**2*x - z**2*y**2)
[{x: y**2}, {z: 0}]

When an object other than a Symbol is given as a symbol, it is isolated algebraically and an implicit solution may be obtained. This is mostly provided as a convenience to save you from replacing the object with a Symbol and solving for that Symbol. It will only work if the specified object can be replaced with a Symbol using the subs method:

>>> solve(f(x) - x, f(x))
[x]
>>> solve(f(x).diff(x) - f(x) - x, f(x).diff(x))
[x + f(x)]
>>> solve(f(x).diff(x) - f(x) - x, f(x))
[-x + Derivative(f(x), x)]
>>> solve(x + exp(x)**2, exp(x), set=True)
([exp(x)], {(-sqrt(-x),), (sqrt(-x),)})

>>> from sympy import Indexed, IndexedBase, Tuple, sqrt
>>> A = IndexedBase('A')
>>> eqs = Tuple(A[1] + A[2] - 3, A[1] - A[2] + 1)
>>> solve(eqs, eqs.atoms(Indexed))
{A[1]: 1, A[2]: 2}

  • To solve for a symbol implicitly, use implicit=True:

    >>> solve(x + exp(x), x)
[-LambertW(1)]
>>> solve(x + exp(x), x, implicit=True)
[-exp(x)]

  • It is possible to solve for anything that can be targeted with subs:

    >>> solve(x + 2 + sqrt(3), x + 2)
[-sqrt(3)]
>>> solve((x + 2 + sqrt(3), x + 4 + y), y, x + 2)
{y: -2 + sqrt(3), x + 2: -sqrt(3)}

  • Nothing heroic is done in this implicit solving so you may end up with a symbol still in the solution:

    >>> eqs = (x*y + 3*y + sqrt(3), x + 4 + y)
>>> solve(eqs, y, x + 2)
{y: -sqrt(3)/(x + 3), x + 2: -2*x/(x + 3) - 6/(x + 3) + sqrt(3)/(x + 3)}
>>> solve(eqs, y*x, x)
{x: -y - 4, x*y: -3*y - sqrt(3)}

  • If you attempt to solve for a number remember that the number you have obtained does not necessarily mean that the value is equivalent to the expression obtained:

    >>> solve(sqrt(2) - 1, 1)
[sqrt(2)]
>>> solve(x - y + 1, 1)  # /!\ -1 is targeted, too
[x/(y - 1)]
>>> [_.subs(z, -1) for _ in solve((x - y + 1).subs(-1, z), 1)]
[-x + y]

  • To solve for a function within a derivative, use dsolve.

Single expression and more than one symbol:

  • When there is a linear solution:

    >>> solve(x - y**2, x, y)
[(y**2, y)]
>>> solve(x**2 - y, x, y)
[(x, x**2)]
>>> solve(x**2 - y, x, y, dict=True)
[{y: x**2}]

  • When undetermined coefficients are identified:

    • That are linear:

      >>> solve((a + b)*x - b + 2, a, b)
{a: -2, b: 2}

    • That are nonlinear:

      >>> solve((a + b)*x - b**2 + 2, a, b, set=True)
([a, b], {(-sqrt(2), sqrt(2)), (sqrt(2), -sqrt(2))})

  • If there is no linear solution, then the first successful attempt for a nonlinear solution will be returned:

    >>> solve(x**2 - y**2, x, y, dict=True)
[{x: -y}, {x: y}]
>>> solve(x**2 - y**2/exp(x), x, y, dict=True)
[{x: 2*LambertW(-y/2)}, {x: 2*LambertW(y/2)}]
>>> solve(x**2 - y**2/exp(x), y, x)
[(-x*sqrt(exp(x)), x), (x*sqrt(exp(x)), x)]

Iterable of one or more of the above:

  • Involving relationals or bools:

    >>> solve([x < 3, x - 2])
Eq(x, 2)
>>> solve([x > 3, x - 2])
False

  • When the system is linear:

    • With a solution:

      >>> solve([x - 3], x)
{x: 3}
>>> solve((x + 5*y - 2, -3*x + 6*y - 15), x, y)
{x: -3, y: 1}
>>> solve((x + 5*y - 2, -3*x + 6*y - 15), x, y, z)
{x: -3, y: 1}
>>> solve((x + 5*y - 2, -3*x + 6*y - z), z, x, y)
{x: 2 - 5*y, z: 21*y - 6}

    • Without a solution:

      >>> solve([x + 3, x - 3])
[]

  • When the system is not linear:

    >>> solve([x**2 + y -2, y**2 - 4], x, y, set=True)
([x, y], {(-2, -2), (0, 2), (2, -2)})

  • If no symbols are given, all free symbols will be selected and a list of mappings returned:

    >>> solve([x - 2, x**2 + y])
[{x: 2, y: -4}]
>>> solve([x - 2, x**2 + f(x)], {f(x), x})
[{x: 2, f(x): -4}]

  • If any equation does not depend on the symbol(s) given, it will be eliminated from the equation set and an answer may be given implicitly in terms of variables that were not of interest:

    >>> solve([x - y, y - 3], x)
{x: y}

Additional Examples

solve() with check=True (default) will run through the symbol tags to elimate unwanted solutions. If no assumptions are included, all possible solutions will be returned:

>>> from sympy import Symbol, solve
>>> x = Symbol("x")
>>> solve(x**2 - 1)
[-1, 1]

By using the positive tag, only one solution will be returned:

>>> pos = Symbol("pos", positive=True)
>>> solve(pos**2 - 1)
[1]

Assumptions are not checked when solve() input involves relationals or bools.

When the solutions are checked, those that make any denominator zero are automatically excluded. If you do not want to exclude such solutions, then use the check=False option:

>>> from sympy import sin, limit
>>> solve(sin(x)/x)  # 0 is excluded
[pi]

If check=False, then a solution to the numerator being zero is found: x = 0. In this case, this is a spurious solution since \(\sin(x)/x\) has the well known limit (without dicontinuity) of 1 at x = 0:

>>> solve(sin(x)/x, check=False)
[0, pi]

In the following case, however, the limit exists and is equal to the value of x = 0 that is excluded when check=True:

>>> eq = x**2*(1/x - z**2/x)
>>> solve(eq, x)
[]
>>> solve(eq, x, check=False)
[0]
>>> limit(eq, x, 0, '-')
0
>>> limit(eq, x, 0, '+')
0

Disabling High-Order Explicit Solutions

When solving polynomial expressions, you might not want explicit solutions (which can be quite long). If the expression is univariate, CRootOf instances will be returned instead:

>>> solve(x**3 - x + 1)
[-1/((-1/2 - sqrt(3)*I/2)*(3*sqrt(69)/2 + 27/2)**(1/3)) -
(-1/2 - sqrt(3)*I/2)*(3*sqrt(69)/2 + 27/2)**(1/3)/3,
-(-1/2 + sqrt(3)*I/2)*(3*sqrt(69)/2 + 27/2)**(1/3)/3 -
1/((-1/2 + sqrt(3)*I/2)*(3*sqrt(69)/2 + 27/2)**(1/3)),
-(3*sqrt(69)/2 + 27/2)**(1/3)/3 -
1/(3*sqrt(69)/2 + 27/2)**(1/3)]
>>> solve(x**3 - x + 1, cubics=False)
[CRootOf(x**3 - x + 1, 0),
 CRootOf(x**3 - x + 1, 1),
 CRootOf(x**3 - x + 1, 2)]

If the expression is multivariate, no solution might be returned:

>>> solve(x**3 - x + a, x, cubics=False)
[]

Sometimes solutions will be obtained even when a flag is False because the expression could be factored. In the following example, the equation can be factored as the product of a linear and a quadratic factor so explicit solutions (which did not require solving a cubic expression) are obtained:

>>> eq = x**3 + 3*x**2 + x - 1
>>> solve(eq, cubics=False)
[-1, -1 + sqrt(2), -sqrt(2) - 1]

Solving Equations Involving Radicals

Because of SymPy’s use of the principle root, some solutions to radical equations will be missed unless check=False:

>>> from sympy import root
>>> eq = root(x**3 - 3*x**2, 3) + 1 - x
>>> solve(eq)
[]
>>> solve(eq, check=False)
[1/3]

In the above example, there is only a single solution to the equation. Other expressions will yield spurious roots which must be checked manually; roots which give a negative argument to odd-powered radicals will also need special checking:

>>> from sympy import real_root, S
>>> eq = root(x, 3) - root(x, 5) + S(1)/7
>>> solve(eq)  # this gives 2 solutions but misses a 3rd
[CRootOf(7*x**5 - 7*x**3 + 1, 1)**15,
CRootOf(7*x**5 - 7*x**3 + 1, 2)**15]
>>> sol = solve(eq, check=False)
>>> [abs(eq.subs(x,i).n(2)) for i in sol]
[0.48, 0.e-110, 0.e-110, 0.052, 0.052]

The first solution is negative so real_root must be used to see that it satisfies the expression:

>>> abs(real_root(eq.subs(x, sol[0])).n(2))
0.e-110

If the roots of the equation are not real then more care will be necessary to find the roots, especially for higher order equations. Consider the following expression:

>>> expr = root(x, 3) - root(x, 5)

We will construct a known value for this expression at x = 3 by selecting the 1-th root for each radical:

>>> expr1 = root(x, 3, 1) - root(x, 5, 1)
>>> v = expr1.subs(x, -3)

The solve function is unable to find any exact roots to this equation:

>>> eq = Eq(expr, v); eq1 = Eq(expr1, v)
>>> solve(eq, check=False), solve(eq1, check=False)
([], [])

The function unrad, however, can be used to get a form of the equation for which numerical roots can be found:

>>> from sympy.solvers.solvers import unrad
>>> from sympy import nroots
>>> e, (p, cov) = unrad(eq)
>>> pvals = nroots(e)
>>> inversion = solve(cov, x)[0]
>>> xvals = [inversion.subs(p, i) for i in pvals]

Although eq or eq1 could have been used to find xvals, the solution can only be verified with expr1:

>>> z = expr - v
>>> [xi.n(chop=1e-9) for xi in xvals if abs(z.subs(x, xi).n()) < 1e-9]
[]
>>> z1 = expr1 - v
>>> [xi.n(chop=1e-9) for xi in xvals if abs(z1.subs(x, xi).n()) < 1e-9]
[-3.0]

See also

rsolve

For solving recurrence relationships

dsolve

For solving differential equations

sympy.solvers.solvers.solve_linear(lhs, rhs=0, symbols=[], exclude=[])[source]

Return a tuple derived from f = lhs - rhs that is one of the following: (0, 1), (0, 0), (symbol, solution), (n, d).

Explanation

(0, 1) meaning that f is independent of the symbols in symbols that are not in exclude.

(0, 0) meaning that there is no solution to the equation amongst the symbols given. If the first element of the tuple is not zero, then the function is guaranteed to be dependent on a symbol in symbols.

(symbol, solution) where symbol appears linearly in the numerator of f, is in symbols (if given), and is not in exclude (if given). No simplification is done to f other than a mul=True expansion, so the solution will correspond strictly to a unique solution.

(n, d) where n and d are the numerator and denominator of f when the numerator was not linear in any symbol of interest; n will never be a symbol unless a solution for that symbol was found (in which case the second element is the solution, not the denominator).

Examples

>>> from sympy import cancel, Pow

f is independent of the symbols in symbols that are not in exclude:

>>> from sympy import cos, sin, solve_linear
>>> from sympy.abc import x, y, z
>>> eq = y*cos(x)**2 + y*sin(x)**2 - y  # = y*(1 - 1) = 0
>>> solve_linear(eq)
(0, 1)
>>> eq = cos(x)**2 + sin(x)**2  # = 1
>>> solve_linear(eq)
(0, 1)
>>> solve_linear(x, exclude=[x])
(0, 1)

The variable x appears as a linear variable in each of the following:

>>> solve_linear(x + y**2)
(x, -y**2)
>>> solve_linear(1/x - y**2)
(x, y**(-2))

When not linear in x or y then the numerator and denominator are returned:

>>> solve_linear(x**2/y**2 - 3)
(x**2 - 3*y**2, y**2)

If the numerator of the expression is a symbol, then (0, 0) is returned if the solution for that symbol would have set any denominator to 0:

>>> eq = 1/(1/x - 2)
>>> eq.as_numer_denom()
(x, 1 - 2*x)
>>> solve_linear(eq)
(0, 0)

But automatic rewriting may cause a symbol in the denominator to appear in the numerator so a solution will be returned:

>>> (1/x)**-1
x
>>> solve_linear((1/x)**-1)
(x, 0)

Use an unevaluated expression to avoid this:

>>> solve_linear(Pow(1/x, -1, evaluate=False))
(0, 0)

If x is allowed to cancel in the following expression, then it appears to be linear in x, but this sort of cancellation is not done by solve_linear so the solution will always satisfy the original expression without causing a division by zero error.

>>> eq = x**2*(1/x - z**2/x)
>>> solve_linear(cancel(eq))
(x, 0)
>>> solve_linear(eq)
(x**2*(1 - z**2), x)

A list of symbols for which a solution is desired may be given:

>>> solve_linear(x + y + z, symbols=[y])
(y, -x - z)

A list of symbols to ignore may also be given:

>>> solve_linear(x + y + z, exclude=[x])
(y, -x - z)

(A solution for y is obtained because it is the first variable from the canonically sorted list of symbols that had a linear solution.)

sympy.solvers.solvers.solve_linear_system(system, *symbols, **flags)[source]

Solve system of \(N\) linear equations with \(M\) variables, which means both under- and overdetermined systems are supported.

Explanation

The possible number of solutions is zero, one, or infinite. Respectively, this procedure will return None or a dictionary with solutions. In the case of underdetermined systems, all arbitrary parameters are skipped. This may cause a situation in which an empty dictionary is returned. In that case, all symbols can be assigned arbitrary values.

Input to this function is a \(N\times M + 1\) matrix, which means it has to be in augmented form. If you prefer to enter \(N\) equations and \(M\) unknowns then use solve(Neqs, *Msymbols) instead. Note: a local copy of the matrix is made by this routine so the matrix that is passed will not be modified.

The algorithm used here is fraction-free Gaussian elimination, which results, after elimination, in an upper-triangular matrix. Then solutions are found using back-substitution. This approach is more efficient and compact than the Gauss-Jordan method.

Examples

>>> from sympy import Matrix, solve_linear_system
>>> from sympy.abc import x, y

Solve the following system:

   x + 4 y ==  2
-2 x +   y == 14

>>> system = Matrix(( (1, 4, 2), (-2, 1, 14)))
>>> solve_linear_system(system, x, y)
{x: -6, y: 2}

A degenerate system returns an empty dictionary:

>>> system = Matrix(( (0,0,0), (0,0,0) ))
>>> solve_linear_system(system, x, y)
{}
sympy.solvers.solvers.solve_linear_system_LU(matrix, syms)[source]

Solves the augmented matrix system using LUsolve and returns a dictionary in which solutions are keyed to the symbols of syms as ordered.

Explanation

The matrix must be invertible.

Examples

>>> from sympy import Matrix, solve_linear_system_LU
>>> from sympy.abc import x, y, z

>>> solve_linear_system_LU(Matrix([
... [1, 2, 0, 1],
... [3, 2, 2, 1],
... [2, 0, 0, 1]]), [x, y, z])
{x: 1/2, y: 1/4, z: -1/2}

See also

LUsolve

sympy.solvers.solvers.solve_undetermined_coeffs(equ, coeffs, sym, **flags)[source]

Solve equation of a type \(p(x; a_1, \ldots, a_k) = q(x)\) where both \(p\) and \(q\) are univariate polynomials that depend on \(k\) parameters.

Explanation

The result of this function is a dictionary with symbolic values of those parameters with respect to coefficients in \(q\).

This function accepts both equations class instances and ordinary SymPy expressions. Specification of parameters and variables is obligatory for efficiency and simplicity reasons.

Examples

>>> from sympy import Eq, solve_undetermined_coeffs
>>> from sympy.abc import a, b, c, x

>>> solve_undetermined_coeffs(Eq(2*a*x + a+b, x), [a, b], x)
{a: 1/2, b: -1/2}

>>> solve_undetermined_coeffs(Eq(a*c*x + a+b, x), [a, b], x)
{a: 1/c, b: -1/c}
sympy.solvers.solvers.nsolve(*args, dict=False, **kwargs)[source]

Solve a nonlinear equation system numerically: nsolve(f, [args,] x0, modules=['mpmath'], **kwargs).

Explanation

f is a vector function of symbolic expressions representing the system. args are the variables. If there is only one variable, this argument can be omitted. x0 is a starting vector close to a solution.

Use the modules keyword to specify which modules should be used to evaluate the function and the Jacobian matrix. Make sure to use a module that supports matrices. For more information on the syntax, please see the docstring of lambdify.

If the keyword arguments contain dict=True (default is False) nsolve will return a list (perhaps empty) of solution mappings. This might be especially useful if you want to use nsolve as a fallback to solve since using the dict argument for both methods produces return values of consistent type structure. Please note: to keep this consistent with solve, the solution will be returned in a list even though nsolve (currently at least) only finds one solution at a time.

Overdetermined systems are supported.

Examples

>>> from sympy import Symbol, nsolve
>>> import mpmath
>>> mpmath.mp.dps = 15
>>> x1 = Symbol('x1')
>>> x2 = Symbol('x2')
>>> f1 = 3 * x1**2 - 2 * x2**2 - 1
>>> f2 = x1**2 - 2 * x1 + x2**2 + 2 * x2 - 8
>>> print(nsolve((f1, f2), (x1, x2), (-1, 1)))
Matrix([[-1.19287309935246], [1.27844411169911]])

For one-dimensional functions the syntax is simplified:

>>> from sympy import sin, nsolve
>>> from sympy.abc import x
>>> nsolve(sin(x), x, 2)
3.14159265358979
>>> nsolve(sin(x), 2)
3.14159265358979

To solve with higher precision than the default, use the prec argument:

>>> from sympy import cos
>>> nsolve(cos(x) - x, 1)
0.739085133215161
>>> nsolve(cos(x) - x, 1, prec=50)
0.73908513321516064165531208767387340401341175890076
>>> cos(_)
0.73908513321516064165531208767387340401341175890076

To solve for complex roots of real functions, a nonreal initial point must be specified:

>>> from sympy import I
>>> nsolve(x**2 + 2, I)
1.4142135623731*I

mpmath.findroot is used and you can find their more extensive documentation, especially concerning keyword parameters and available solvers. Note, however, that functions which are very steep near the root, the verification of the solution may fail. In this case you should use the flag verify=False and independently verify the solution.

>>> from sympy import cos, cosh
>>> f = cos(x)*cosh(x) - 1
>>> nsolve(f, 3.14*100)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Could not find root within given tolerance. (1.39267e+230 > 2.1684e-19)
>>> ans = nsolve(f, 3.14*100, verify=False); ans
312.588469032184
>>> f.subs(x, ans).n(2)
2.1e+121
>>> (f/f.diff(x)).subs(x, ans).n(2)
7.4e-15

One might safely skip the verification if bounds of the root are known and a bisection method is used:

>>> bounds = lambda i: (3.14*i, 3.14*(i + 1))
>>> nsolve(f, bounds(100), solver='bisect', verify=False)
315.730061685774

Alternatively, a function may be better behaved when the denominator is ignored. Since this is not always the case, however, the decision of what function to use is left to the discretion of the user.

>>> eq = x**2/(1 - x)/(1 - 2*x)**2 - 100
>>> nsolve(eq, 0.46)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Could not find root within given tolerance. (10000 > 2.1684e-19)
Try another starting point or tweak arguments.
>>> nsolve(eq.as_numer_denom()[0], 0.46)
0.46792545969349058
sympy.solvers.solvers.checksol(f, symbol, sol=None, **flags)[source]

Checks whether sol is a solution of equation f == 0.

Explanation

Input can be either a single symbol and corresponding value or a dictionary of symbols and values. When given as a dictionary and flag simplify=True, the values in the dictionary will be simplified. f can be a single equation or an iterable of equations. A solution must satisfy all equations in f to be considered valid; if a solution does not satisfy any equation, False is returned; if one or more checks are inconclusive (and none are False) then None is returned.

Examples

>>> from sympy import checksol, symbols
>>> x, y = symbols('x,y')
>>> checksol(x**4 - 1, x, 1)
True
>>> checksol(x**4 - 1, x, 0)
False
>>> checksol(x**2 + y**2 - 5**2, {x: 3, y: 4})
True

To check if an expression is zero using checksol(), pass it as f and send an empty dictionary for symbol:

>>> checksol(x**2 + x - x*(x + 1), {})
True

None is returned if checksol() could not conclude.

flags:
‘numerical=True (default)’

do a fast numerical check if f has only one symbol.

‘minimal=True (default is False)’

a very fast, minimal testing.

‘warn=True (default is False)’

show a warning if checksol() could not conclude.

‘simplify=True (default)’

simplify solution before substituting into function and simplify the function before trying specific simplifications

‘force=True (default is False)’

make positive all symbols without assumptions regarding sign.

sympy.solvers.solvers.unrad(eq, *syms, **flags)[source]

Remove radicals with symbolic arguments and return (eq, cov), None, or raise an error.

Explanation

None is returned if there are no radicals to remove.

NotImplementedError is raised if there are radicals and they cannot be removed or if the relationship between the original symbols and the change of variable needed to rewrite the system as a polynomial cannot be solved.

Otherwise the tuple, (eq, cov), is returned where:

eq, cov

eq is an equation without radicals (in the symbol(s) of interest) whose solutions are a superset of the solutions to the original expression. eq might be rewritten in terms of a new variable; the relationship to the original variables is given by cov which is a list containing v and v**p - b where p is the power needed to clear the radical and b is the radical now expressed as a polynomial in the symbols of interest. For example, for sqrt(2 - x) the tuple would be (c, c**2 - 2 + x). The solutions of eq will contain solutions to the original equation (if there are any).

syms

An iterable of symbols which, if provided, will limit the focus of radical removal: only radicals with one or more of the symbols of interest will be cleared. All free symbols are used if syms is not set.

flags are used internally for communication during recursive calls. Two options are also recognized:

take, when defined, is interpreted as a single-argument function that returns True if a given Pow should be handled.

Radicals can be removed from an expression if:

  • All bases of the radicals are the same; a change of variables is done in this case.

  • If all radicals appear in one term of the expression.

  • There are only four terms with sqrt() factors or there are less than four terms having sqrt() factors.

  • There are only two terms with radicals.

Examples

>>> from sympy.solvers.solvers import unrad
>>> from sympy.abc import x
>>> from sympy import sqrt, Rational, root

>>> unrad(sqrt(x)*x**Rational(1, 3) + 2)
(x**5 - 64, [])
>>> unrad(sqrt(x) + root(x + 1, 3))
(-x**3 + x**2 + 2*x + 1, [])
>>> eq = sqrt(x) + root(x, 3) - 2
>>> unrad(eq)
(_p**3 + _p**2 - 2, [_p, _p**6 - x])

Ordinary Differential equations (ODEs)

See ODE.

Partial Differential Equations (PDEs)

See PDE.

Deutils (Utilities for solving ODE’s and PDE’s)

sympy.solvers.deutils.ode_order(expr, func)[source]

Returns the order of a given differential equation with respect to func.

This function is implemented recursively.

Examples

>>> from sympy import Function
>>> from sympy.solvers.deutils import ode_order
>>> from sympy.abc import x
>>> f, g = map(Function, ['f', 'g'])
>>> ode_order(f(x).diff(x, 2) + f(x).diff(x)**2 +
... f(x).diff(x), f(x))
2
>>> ode_order(f(x).diff(x, 2) + g(x).diff(x, 3), f(x))
2
>>> ode_order(f(x).diff(x, 2) + g(x).diff(x, 3), g(x))
3

Recurrence Equations

sympy.solvers.recurr.rsolve(f, y, init=None)[source]

Solve univariate recurrence with rational coefficients.

Given \(k\)-th order linear recurrence \(\operatorname{L} y = f\), or equivalently:

\[a_{k}(n) y(n+k) + a_{k-1}(n) y(n+k-1) + \cdots + a_{0}(n) y(n) = f(n)\]

where \(a_{i}(n)\), for \(i=0, \ldots, k\), are polynomials or rational functions in \(n\), and \(f\) is a hypergeometric function or a sum of a fixed number of pairwise dissimilar hypergeometric terms in \(n\), finds all solutions or returns None, if none were found.

Initial conditions can be given as a dictionary in two forms:

  1. {  n_0  : v_0,   n_1  : v_1, ...,   n_m  : v_m}

  2. {y(n_0) : v_0, y(n_1) : v_1, ..., y(n_m) : v_m}

or as a list L of values:

L = [v_0, v_1, ..., v_m]

where L[i] = v_i, for \(i=0, \ldots, m\), maps to \(y(n_i)\).

Examples

Lets consider the following recurrence:

\[(n - 1) y(n + 2) - (n^2 + 3 n - 2) y(n + 1) + 2 n (n + 1) y(n) = 0\]
>>> from sympy import Function, rsolve
>>> from sympy.abc import n
>>> y = Function('y')

>>> f = (n - 1)*y(n + 2) - (n**2 + 3*n - 2)*y(n + 1) + 2*n*(n + 1)*y(n)

>>> rsolve(f, y(n))
2**n*C0 + C1*factorial(n)

>>> rsolve(f, y(n), {y(0):0, y(1):3})
3*2**n - 3*factorial(n)

See also

rsolve_poly, rsolve_ratio, rsolve_hyper

sympy.solvers.recurr.rsolve_poly(coeffs, f, n, shift=0, **hints)[source]

Given linear recurrence operator \(\operatorname{L}\) of order \(k\) with polynomial coefficients and inhomogeneous equation \(\operatorname{L} y = f\), where \(f\) is a polynomial, we seek for all polynomial solutions over field \(K\) of characteristic zero.

The algorithm performs two basic steps:

  1. Compute degree \(N\) of the general polynomial solution.

  2. Find all polynomials of degree \(N\) or less of \(\operatorname{L} y = f\).

There are two methods for computing the polynomial solutions. If the degree bound is relatively small, i.e. it’s smaller than or equal to the order of the recurrence, then naive method of undetermined coefficients is being used. This gives system of algebraic equations with \(N+1\) unknowns.

In the other case, the algorithm performs transformation of the initial equation to an equivalent one, for which the system of algebraic equations has only \(r\) indeterminates. This method is quite sophisticated (in comparison with the naive one) and was invented together by Abramov, Bronstein and Petkovsek.

It is possible to generalize the algorithm implemented here to the case of linear q-difference and differential equations.

Lets say that we would like to compute \(m\)-th Bernoulli polynomial up to a constant. For this we can use \(b(n+1) - b(n) = m n^{m-1}\) recurrence, which has solution \(b(n) = B_m + C\). For example:

>>> from sympy import Symbol, rsolve_poly
>>> n = Symbol('n', integer=True)

>>> rsolve_poly([-1, 1], 4*n**3, n)
C0 + n**4 - 2*n**3 + n**2

References

R792

S. A. Abramov, M. Bronstein and M. Petkovsek, On polynomial solutions of linear operator equations, in: T. Levelt, ed., Proc. ISSAC ‘95, ACM Press, New York, 1995, 290-296.

R793

M. Petkovsek, Hypergeometric solutions of linear recurrences with polynomial coefficients, J. Symbolic Computation, 14 (1992), 243-264.

R794

  1. Petkovsek, H. S. Wilf, D. Zeilberger, A = B, 1996.

sympy.solvers.recurr.rsolve_ratio(coeffs, f, n, **hints)[source]

Given linear recurrence operator \(\operatorname{L}\) of order \(k\) with polynomial coefficients and inhomogeneous equation \(\operatorname{L} y = f\), where \(f\) is a polynomial, we seek for all rational solutions over field \(K\) of characteristic zero.

This procedure accepts only polynomials, however if you are interested in solving recurrence with rational coefficients then use rsolve which will pre-process the given equation and run this procedure with polynomial arguments.

The algorithm performs two basic steps:

  1. Compute polynomial \(v(n)\) which can be used as universal denominator of any rational solution of equation \(\operatorname{L} y = f\).

  2. Construct new linear difference equation by substitution \(y(n) = u(n)/v(n)\) and solve it for \(u(n)\) finding all its polynomial solutions. Return None if none were found.

Algorithm implemented here is a revised version of the original Abramov’s algorithm, developed in 1989. The new approach is much simpler to implement and has better overall efficiency. This method can be easily adapted to q-difference equations case.

Besides finding rational solutions alone, this functions is an important part of Hyper algorithm were it is used to find particular solution of inhomogeneous part of a recurrence.

Examples

>>> from sympy.abc import x
>>> from sympy.solvers.recurr import rsolve_ratio
>>> rsolve_ratio([-2*x**3 + x**2 + 2*x - 1, 2*x**3 + x**2 - 6*x,
... - 2*x**3 - 11*x**2 - 18*x - 9, 2*x**3 + 13*x**2 + 22*x + 8], 0, x)
C2*(2*x - 3)/(2*(x**2 - 1))

See also

rsolve_hyper

References

R795

S. A. Abramov, Rational solutions of linear difference and q-difference equations with polynomial coefficients, in: T. Levelt, ed., Proc. ISSAC ‘95, ACM Press, New York, 1995, 285-289

sympy.solvers.recurr.rsolve_hyper(coeffs, f, n, **hints)[source]

Given linear recurrence operator \(\operatorname{L}\) of order \(k\) with polynomial coefficients and inhomogeneous equation \(\operatorname{L} y = f\) we seek for all hypergeometric solutions over field \(K\) of characteristic zero.

The inhomogeneous part can be either hypergeometric or a sum of a fixed number of pairwise dissimilar hypergeometric terms.

The algorithm performs three basic steps:

  1. Group together similar hypergeometric terms in the inhomogeneous part of \(\operatorname{L} y = f\), and find particular solution using Abramov’s algorithm.

  2. Compute generating set of \(\operatorname{L}\) and find basis in it, so that all solutions are linearly independent.

  3. Form final solution with the number of arbitrary constants equal to dimension of basis of \(\operatorname{L}\).

Term \(a(n)\) is hypergeometric if it is annihilated by first order linear difference equations with polynomial coefficients or, in simpler words, if consecutive term ratio is a rational function.

The output of this procedure is a linear combination of fixed number of hypergeometric terms. However the underlying method can generate larger class of solutions - D’Alembertian terms.

Note also that this method not only computes the kernel of the inhomogeneous equation, but also reduces in to a basis so that solutions generated by this procedure are linearly independent

Examples

>>> from sympy.solvers import rsolve_hyper
>>> from sympy.abc import x

>>> rsolve_hyper([-1, -1, 1], 0, x)
C0*(1/2 - sqrt(5)/2)**x + C1*(1/2 + sqrt(5)/2)**x

>>> rsolve_hyper([-1, 1], 1 + x, x)
C0 + x*(x + 1)/2

References

R796

M. Petkovsek, Hypergeometric solutions of linear recurrences with polynomial coefficients, J. Symbolic Computation, 14 (1992), 243-264.

R797

  1. Petkovsek, H. S. Wilf, D. Zeilberger, A = B, 1996.

Systems of Polynomial Equations

sympy.solvers.polysys.solve_poly_system(seq, *gens, **args)[source]

Solve a system of polynomial equations.

Parameters

seq: a list/tuple/set

Listing all the equations that are needed to be solved

gens: generators

generators of the equations in seq for which we want the solutions

args: Keyword arguments

Special options for solving the equations

Returns

List[Tuple]

A List of tuples. Solutions for symbols that satisfy the equations listed in seq

Examples

>>> from sympy import solve_poly_system
>>> from sympy.abc import x, y

>>> solve_poly_system([x*y - 2*y, 2*y**2 - x**2], x, y)
[(0, 0), (2, -sqrt(2)), (2, sqrt(2))]
sympy.solvers.polysys.solve_triangulated(polys, *gens, **args)[source]

Solve a polynomial system using Gianni-Kalkbrenner algorithm.

The algorithm proceeds by computing one Groebner basis in the ground domain and then by iteratively computing polynomial factorizations in appropriately constructed algebraic extensions of the ground domain.

Parameters

polys: a list/tuple/set

Listing all the equations that are needed to be solved

gens: generators

generators of the equations in polys for which we want the solutions

args: Keyword arguments

Special options for solving the equations

Returns

List[Tuple]

A List of tuples. Solutions for symbols that satisfy the equations listed in polys

Examples

>>> from sympy import solve_triangulated
>>> from sympy.abc import x, y, z

>>> F = [x**2 + y + z - 1, x + y**2 + z - 1, x + y + z**2 - 1]

>>> solve_triangulated(F, x, y, z)
[(0, 0, 1), (0, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0)]

References

1. Patrizia Gianni, Teo Mora, Algebraic Solution of System of Polynomial Equations using Groebner Bases, AAECC-5 on Applied Algebra, Algebraic Algorithms and Error-Correcting Codes, LNCS 356 247–257, 1989

Diophantine Equations (DEs)

See Diophantine

Inequalities

See Inequality Solvers

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